Trophoblasts

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These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'trophoblast. Send us feedback about these examples. Accessed 2 Mar. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! See Definitions and Examples ». Log In.

Trophoblasts

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Controversy surrounds reports describing the derivation of human trophoblast cells from placentas and embryonic stem cells ESC , partly due to the difficulty in identifying markers that define cells as belonging to the trophoblast lineage. We tested these criteria on cells previously reported to show some phenotypic characteristics of trophoblast: bone morphogenetic protein BMP -treated human ESC and Ep, an embryonal carcinoma cell line. Both cell types only show some, but not all, of the four trophoblast criteria. Our study identifies a robust panel, including both protein and non-protein-coding markers that, in combination, can be used to reliably define cells as characteristic of early trophoblast. The identity of trophoblast cells derived from human ESC differentiation is controversial. In this article, Moffett, Lee, and colleagues use primary trophoblast to identify a set of criteria that can define early trophoblast. With these parameters, they show that human ESC treated with BMP4 and two inhibitors have not fully converted to the trophoblast lineage. One of the key early events in the establishment of pregnancy is the development of trophoblast subpopulations from the trophectoderm TE of the implanting blastocyst Rossant, Ethical and logistical difficulties limit our knowledge of these earliest stages of placentation in humans.

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science.

Federal government websites often end in. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site. The site is secure. NCBI Bookshelf. Wang Y, Zhao S. Vascular Biology of the Placenta. Hofbauer cells synthesize VEGF and other proangiogenic factors that initiate vasculogenesis in the placenta; and 3 fetal vascular cells that include vascular smooth muscle cells, perivascular cells pericytes , and endothelial cells.

Federal government websites often end in. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site. The site is secure. NCBI Bookshelf. Wang Y, Zhao S. Vascular Biology of the Placenta. Hofbauer cells synthesize VEGF and other proangiogenic factors that initiate vasculogenesis in the placenta; and 3 fetal vascular cells that include vascular smooth muscle cells, perivascular cells pericytes , and endothelial cells. Trophoblasts from Greek to feed: threphein are cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provides nutrients to the embryo, and develops into a large part of the placenta.

Trophoblasts

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Abnormal placentation is considered as an underlying cause of various pregnancy complications such as miscarriage, preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, the latter increasing the risk for the development of severe disorders in later life such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Despite their importance, the molecular mechanisms governing human placental formation and trophoblast cell lineage specification and differentiation have been poorly unravelled, mostly due to the lack of appropriate cellular model systems. However, over the past few years major progress has been made by establishing self-renewing human trophoblast stem cells and 3-dimensional organoids from human blastocysts and early placental tissues opening the path for detailed molecular investigations. Herein, we summarize the present knowledge about human placental development, its stem cells, progenitors and differentiated cell types in the trophoblast epithelium and the villous core. Anatomy of the early placenta, current model systems, and critical key regulatory factors and signalling cascades governing placentation will be elucidated. Formation of the placenta, the unique exchange organ between mother and fetus, is essential for successful human pregnancy and fetal health.

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Capturing totipotent stem cells. In the late stage of gestation, fetal villous core angiogenesis results from the proliferation of existing endothelial cells and pericytes rather than via the expansion of hemangioblastic cells [ 25 ]. Wide-ranging DNA methylation differences of primary trophoblast cell populations and derived cell lines: implications and opportunities for understanding trophoblast function. Human placental trophoblasts confer viral resistance to recipient cells. Functional HLA-C expressing trophoblast spheroids as a model to study placental—maternal immune interactions during human implantation Article Open access 17 June Comparison of extravillous trophoblast cells derived from human embryonic stem cells and from first trimester human placentas. A placenta-specific enhancer of the human syncytin gene. Red solid line: Ep levels; red dotted line: hESC levels. Syncytin-A knockout mice demonstrate the critical role in placentation of a fusogenic, endogenous retrovirus-derived, envelope gene. Controversy surrounds reports describing the derivation of human trophoblast cells from placentas and embryonic stem cells ESC , partly due to the difficulty in identifying markers that define cells as belonging to the trophoblast lineage. Extravillous trophoblasts grow out from the placenta and penetrate into the decidualized uterus. Discussion The main obstacle in defining trophoblast cell fate in cell lines in vitro has been that there is no marker exclusive to trophoblast cells that could serve as an unambiguous readout of cell lineage allocation. Calponin 3 regulates actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in trophoblastic cell fusion. Number of Pages : XII,

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Book Title : Trophoblasts. Their intimate relationship with endothelial cells makes them likely candidates for sensing and regulating blood flow in the terminal villi of the placenta. In this article, Moffett, Lee, and colleagues use primary trophoblast to identify a set of criteria that can define early trophoblast. Physiological concentrations of albumin stimulate chorionic gonadotrophin and placental lactogen release from human term placental explants. Isolation and characterisation of a novel trophoblast side-population from first trimester placentae. Blastocyst with an inner cell mass and trophoblast. Subsequently, the natural or digested placental villi are transplanted onto type I collagen or extracellular matrix ECM substrates, such as Matrigel, to facilitate subsequent culture. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Editors : Sandeep Raha. Differential effects of inducers of syncytialization and apoptosis on BeWo and JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells.