Theobrine

Theobrominealso known as xantheoseis the principal alkaloid of Theobroma cacao cacao plant. It is a white or colourless solid, but commercial samples can appear yellowish, theobrine. Theobromine is a flat molecule, [3] a derivative of purine. It is also classified theobrine a dimethyl xanthine.

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Theobrine

Theobromine poisoning , also informally called chocolate poisoning or cocoa poisoning , is an overdosage reaction to the xanthine alkaloid theobromine , found in chocolate , tea , cola beverages, [1] and some other foods. Cocoa powder contains about 2. Processed chocolate, in general, has smaller amounts. The amount found in highly refined chocolate candies or sweets typically 1. In general, the amount of theobromine found in chocolate is small enough that chocolate can be safely consumed by humans with a negligible risk of poisoning. Theobromine doses at 0. These are the mild-to-moderate symptoms. The severe symptoms are cardiac arrhythmias , [5] epileptic seizures , internal bleeding , heart attacks , and eventually death. Limited mood effects were shown at mg per day. Median lethal LD 50 doses of theobromine have only been published for cats, dogs, rats, and mice; these differ by a factor of 6 across species. Serious poisoning happens more frequently in domestic animals, which metabolize theobromine much more slowly than humans, [7] and can easily consume enough chocolate to cause poisoning. The most common victims of theobromine poisoning are dogs , [8] [9] for whom it can be fatal. The toxic dose for cats is even lower than for dogs. In dogs, the biological half-life of theobromine is

Epinephrine Hexoprenaline Isoprenaline isoproterenol Orciprenaline metaproterenol, theobrine. Contents move to sidebar hide.

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Like caffeine, theobromine crosses the blood-brain barrier and binds to adenosine receptors, suggesting it might share caffeine's beneficial effects on mood and vigilance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of theobromine doses commonly found in foods on mood and vigilance parameters sensitive to caffeine. Caffeine was tested as a positive control. Twenty-four men age, 23 [3] years completed 6 double-blind trials during which they consumed experimental beverages, assessed their mood using standardized self-report questionnaires, and completed a 2-hour visual vigilance task. Three experimental doses , , and mg theobromine were delivered in a cocoa-based beverage; 3 matched control treatments 0 mg theobromine, mg theobromine, and mg caffeine were delivered in a non-cocoa beverage. These findings indicate theobromine does not influence mood and vigilance when administered in nutritionally relevant doses, despite sharing many of caffeine's structural characteristics. Abstract Like caffeine, theobromine crosses the blood-brain barrier and binds to adenosine receptors, suggesting it might share caffeine's beneficial effects on mood and vigilance.

Theobrine

Theobromine , also known as xantheose , is the principal alkaloid of Theobroma cacao cacao plant. It is a white or colourless solid, but commercial samples can appear yellowish. Theobromine is a flat molecule, [3] a derivative of purine. It is also classified as a dimethyl xanthine. Theobromine was first discovered in [7] in cacao beans by the chemist A. Theobromine is derived from Theobroma , the name of the genus of the cacao tree, with the suffix -ine given to alkaloids and other basic nitrogen-containing compounds. Despite its name, the compound contains no bromine , which is based on Greek bromos "stench". Theobromine is the primary alkaloid found in cocoa and chocolate.

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The primary mechanism of action for theobromine inside the body is inhibition of adenosine receptors. Despite its name, the compound contains no bromine , which is based on Greek bromos "stench". In other projects. Tools Tools. Wikimedia Commons. There are approximately 60 milligrams 1 grain of theobromine in 28 grams 1 oz of milk chocolate, [15] while the same amount of dark chocolate contains about milligrams 3 grains. Archived from the original on 8 May Archived from the original on 8 February Can you solve 4 words at once? Liebigs Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. Dictionary Entries Near theobromine. Cleavage of the ribose and N-methylation yields 7-methylxanthosine. Theobromine can also be found in trace amounts in the kola nut , the guarana berry, yerba mate Ilex paraguariensis , Ilex vomitoria , Ilex guayusa , [19] and the tea plant.

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At doses of 0. PMC Retrieved July 28, Archived from the original on 7 October In the liver, theobromine is metabolized into xanthine and subsequently into methyluric acid. Archived from the original on Later stages of theobromine poisoning include epileptic -like seizures and death. New York: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 7 November In general: Unscheduled. Tools Tools. Hepatic demethylation and oxidation.