Peroxynitrite

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Peroxynitrite can be prepared by the reaction of superoxide with nitric oxide : [1] [2] [3]. It is prepared by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with nitrite : [4]. It is reactive toward DNA and proteins. It is these radicals carbonate radical and nitrogen dioxide that are believed to cause peroxynitrite-related cellular damage. Its conjugate acid peroxynitrous acid is highly reactive, although peroxynitrite is stable in basic solutions. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk.

Peroxynitrite

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Free Radic. Notably, peroxynitrite, the combination reaction leads to peroxynitrite 910a peroxy acid originally studied in the chemical literature as a strong oxidizing and nitrating compound 1112 Equation 1, peroxynitrite. It integrates peroxynitrite initial proposal 24 with what is currently known.

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Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. The discovery that mammalian cells have the ability to synthesize the free radical nitric oxide NO has stimulated an extraordinary impetus for scientific research in all the fields of biology and medicine. Since its early description as an endothelial-derived relaxing factor, NO has emerged as a fundamental signaling device regulating virtually every critical cellular function, as well as a potent mediator of cellular damage in a wide range of conditions. Recent evidence indicates that most of the cytotoxicity attributed to NO is rather due to peroxynitrite, produced from the diffusion-controlled reaction between NO and another free radical, the superoxide anion. Peroxynitrite interacts with lipids, DNA, and proteins via direct oxidative reactions or via indirect, radical-mediated mechanisms. These reactions trigger cellular responses ranging from subtle modulations of cell signaling to overwhelming oxidative injury, committing cells to necrosis or apoptosis. In vivo, peroxynitrite generation represents a crucial pathogenic mechanism in conditions such as stroke, myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, diabetes, circulatory shock, chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, novel pharmacological strategies aimed at removing peroxynitrite might represent powerful therapeutic tools in the future. Evidence supporting these novel roles of NO and peroxynitrite is presented in detail in this review.

Peroxynitrite

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Peroxynitrite is the product of the diffusion-controlled reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide radicals.

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Poderoso J. Radi R. Glutathionyl radicals can be formed from peroxynitrite-derived radicals. Nitrogen species. Buettner G. S; Koppenol, W. Ferrer-Sueta G. Thomson L. Mn-SOD and hemeproteins or metal complexes e. Although excess formation of peroxynitrite by mammalian tissues is deleterious in inflammatory and degenerative processes, it is also clear that our immune system can utilize peroxynitrite to repel microbial invasion Abriata L. This reaction is relevant because of the ubiquity of CO 2 in biological systems e. It is good inhibitor of peroxynitrite-dependent processes in vitro and in vivo.

In this review we provide an analysis of the biochemistry of peroxynitrite and tyrosine nitration. In addition, peroxynitrite anion can secondarily evolve to secondary radicals either via its fast reaction with CO 2 or through proton-catalyzed homolysis. Peroxynitrite can cause protein tyrosine nitration in vitro and in vivo.

Hill B. American Journal of Physiology. For instance, peroxynitrite formation by macrophages represents a cytotoxic effector mechanism, which requires immunostimulation with cytokines that induce iNOS expression. Microbial and mammalian peroxiredoxins constitute a central catalytic mechanism for the detoxification peroxynitrite. Once nitrated, the phenolic Tyr hydroxyl group becomes partially deprotonated i. This reaction was later shown in mammalian peroxiredoxin systems Santos C. Methods Enzymol. It is relevant for peroxynitrite detoxification in red blood cells. Franco M. Peskin A. Alternative approaches have been also used, with the application of competition kinetics with reference reactions of known rate constants