Interneurons

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Neurons are the cells that make up the brain and the nervous system. They are the fundamental units that send and receive signals which allow us to move our muscles, feel the external world, think, form memories and much more. Just from looking down a microscope, however, it becomes very clear that not all neurons are the same. So just how many types of neurons are there? And how do scientists decide on the categories?

Interneurons

Curator: Tamas Freund. Eugene M. Thomas Klausberger. Interneurons are types of nerve cells, typically found in integrative areas of the central nervous system , whose axons and dendrites are limited to a single brain area. This feature distinguishes them from principal cells, which often have axonal projections outside the brain area where their cell bodies and dendrites are located. While principal cells are mostly excitatory, using glutamate as a neurotransmitter, interneurons most often use gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA to inhibit their targets. Interneurons in the spinal cord may use glycine, or both GABA and glycine, to inhibit principal cells, whereas interneurons of cortical areas or the basal ganglia may release various neuropeptides cholecystokinin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, enkephalins, neuropeptide Y, galanin, etc. In some regions, such as the basal ganglia and the cerebellum , principal neurons are also GABAergic. Most types of interneuron innervate predominantly local principal cells. The dominant excitatory drive of interneurons may originate from outside the territory i.

A prediction of interneurons model is that the developmental genetic programs functioning in interneuron progenitors lead to the production of a relatively small number of cardinal subclasses. Show results from All journals This journal, interneurons.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Understanding brain neural circuits begins with understanding their component parts, the cells that form them. GABAergic interneurons, although a minority of cells within the brain, are critical in the control of inhibition. While understanding their diversity has been a central goal of neurobiologists, this amazing cell type has to date defied a generalized classification system.

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Understanding brain circuits begins with an appreciation of their component parts — the cells. Although GABAergic interneurons are a minority population within the brain, they are crucial for the control of inhibition.

Interneurons

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. An Author Correction to this article was published on 24 November

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Neuron 11 , — Rapid temporal modulation of synchrony by competition in cortical interneuron networks. Alternatively the notion of referring to an interneurons origin as deriving form a specific embryonic structure may be an imprecise proxy for gene expression. Properties of unitary IPSPs evoked by anatomically identified basket cells in the rat hippocampus. Thus, the contribution of a single dendritic inhibitory cell to the control of dendritic functions of principal cells is likely to be negligible. Differential depression at excitatory and inhibitory synapses in visual cortex. Two faces of interneuron function A cortical circuit from the perspective of a VIP interneuron. Feldman, M. Wahle, P. Supplementary information. Distinct behavioural and network correlates of two interneuron types in prefrontal cortex. Nevertheless their function is most parsimoniously described by temporal reference to specific behavioral events. Supplementary information S1 PDF 15 kb.

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Spike timing of dendrite-targeting bistratified cells during hippocampal network oscillations in vivo. Houser, C. The authors are grateful to Dr. Trends Neurosci. Close banner Close. Gibson, J. Orientation and direction selectivity of synaptic inputs in visual cortical neurons: a diversity of combinations produces spike tuning. How then does the diversity of interneurons contribute to neural computations? Gilbert, C. Properties of bipolar VIPergic interneurons and their excitation by pyramidal neurons in the rat neocortex. Salient features of synaptic organisation in the cerebral cortex. Interestingly, such clones were equally likely to be comprised of mixed SST- and PV-expressing interneurons rather than one subtype. Morphological properties of intracellularly labeled layer I neurons in rat neocortex. Following work in the spinal cord, it was conjectured that an understanding of how specific subtypes are generated would fall out of a detailed analysis of gene expression within progenitors.