Immunotoxicity

Comments and suggestions may be submitted at any time for Agency consideration to, John J. Langone, immunotoxicity, Ph.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. The immune system defends the body against certain tumor cells and against foreign agents such as fungi, parasites, bacteria, and viruses. One of its main roles is to distinguish endogenous components from non-self-components. An unproperly functioning immune system is prone to primary immune deficiencies caused by either primary immune deficiencies such as genetic defects or secondary immune deficiencies such as physical, chemical, and in some instances, psychological stressors. In the manuscript, we will provide a brief overview of the immune system and immunotoxicology.

Immunotoxicity

Direct immunotoxicity comprises chemical-associated immunosuppression and chemical-associated immunostimulation. Immunosuppression is the consequence of toxic effects of exposure to chemical on components of the immune system. Such effects may lead to decreased resistance to infections and tumours. Classically, this condition has been studied in animal models, but epidemiological studies have been carried out and shown such effects of environmental pollutants in the population. Currently, also in vitro techniques are being developed to study such effects. Chemical-associated immunostimulation is often a consequence of direct toxicity to components of the immune system, resulting in a lack of regulation. This may occur for instance by exposure to fine dust particles. Such particles may enhance allergic responses to respiratory allergens, leading to enhanced allergic reactions. Unintended immunostimulation by chemicals has received much less attention compared to immunosuppression. Basically similar approaches as for immunosuppression are in place for unintended immunostimulation. Nederlands English.

Hall R.

Immunotoxicity is defined as the adverse effects of foreign substances xenobiotics on the immune system. Two types of effects are possible: immunosuppression which may result in an increased susceptibility to infection or to the development of tumours and immunopotentiation which may manifest as an allergy or as autoimmunity. There is, as yet, little evidence that well controlled occupational exposure to industrial chemicals has led to clinically significant immunosuppression. In contrast, a number of industrial chemicals have been shown to cause immunopotentiation in exposed populations, producing occupational asthma and contact dermatitis and possibly autoimmunity. In experimental models, immunosuppression usually assessed by in vivo or in vitro immune function tests has been induced by a wide range of chemicals but there are a few reports of the immunosuppression leading directly to an increased susceptibility to infection or to the development of tumours. Predictive experimental models are available for type IV allergic reactions, but the identification of chemicals that have a potential to cause other types of allergy or autoimmune reactions requires further research and the development and validation of new animal models.

Background: A strong immune system is a primary requirement to keep the body safe from different ailments and infections. A human knowingly or unknowingly often comes to the exposure of many foreign substances such as pollutants, chemicals, metals and drugs that affect the immune system. Though some of these substances are known to exert immunotoxicity, their precise role as immunotoxicant is still unidentified, hence, the testing of these substances has to be taken into account. The present manuscript aimed to explore the mechanism behind immunotoxicity, biomarkers involved, manifestations, testing of immunotoxicity and its management. Methods: Relevant literature on immunotoxicity, collected from online scientific databases like Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar, was rigorously reviewed. Results: Earlier reports showed that immunotoxic effects of chemicals and pharmaceuticals may cause various health problems including allergic reactions, skin disorders, respiratory infections, gastrointestinal problems, and autoimmune disorders. If diagnosed in time, many of these conditions can be managed with the help of existing treatments although the complete treatment is sometimes a big challenge. Conclusion: Based on the review of available literature, it can be concluded that immunotoxicity is one of the key factors responsible for several infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and even cancers. Hence, the requirement of advanced diagnostic tools and established treatments for immunotoxicity is highly recommended. Abstract Background: A strong immune system is a primary requirement to keep the body safe from different ailments and infections.

Immunotoxicity

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October Learn More or Try it out now. The discipline of immunotoxicology had its origins in the early s, following the recognition of altered immune function and increased sensitivity to infections and cancers after exposure to environmental chemicals and therapeutic drugs.

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Bigazzi P. These cells later on become cytotoxic T-cells, T-helper cells, or T-suppressor cells. Mast cells. In an attempt to prove the impact of cyclophosphamide on the lungs, six patients were followed up. Xenobiotics can also disrupt the mechanism of programed cell death and subject the cells to an unwanted apoptosis, altering the number of immune-competent cells or lymphocytes, which may lead to serious adverse effects [ ]. We will also describe the biochemical mechanisms of immunotoxicants and how to evaluate immunotoxicity. In fact, people are at daily risk of exposure to it through the ingestion of contaminated food and water in countries such as Taiwan, Bangladesh, India, Chile, and the United States or through inhalation in agricultural and industrial settings [ ]. Dohms J. Testing generally will be appropriate for new materials or when there is concern that materials already in use for which adequate testing has not been carried out may be immunotoxic. Differential effects of cyclophosphamide on the B and T cell compartments of adult mice. Actual Problems of Immunotoxicology. A few studies that have investigated the underlying pathology of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome FPIES showed some evidence of T cell proliferation upon stimulation with certain food allergens, which led to the thought of FPIES being T-cell mediated, but more research needs to be done [ 83 , 84 ]. To sum up, mucosal immunity encloses local tissue based innate responses as well as systemic adaptive events, intrinsic defenses, and highly conserved cell cytoprotective responses [ 49 ]. Epitome: Database of structure-inferred antigenic epitopes.

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Dohms J. Primary references to original articles are often included. The goal is to obtain adequate information to help make confident regulatory decisions, not to establish claims that a device or material is not immunotoxic. Petrulis J. Howarth P. Lefranc M. The results suggested that ovarian function and differentiation were disrupted in genistein treated mice with increasing severity over time [ ]. Stiegel M. Gut microbiota, lipopolysaccharides, and innate immunity in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular risk. Understanding stress-induced immunosuppression: Exploration of cytokine and chemokine gene profiles in chicken peripheral leukocytes. When Table 1 indicates that one or more adverse effects may be associated with a device material, Table 2 is used to focus on the types of testing that might provide immunotoxic indications associated with those effects. Oral Pathol. It provides an overview of the general types of toxicity testing that should be considered for a medical device or constituent materials. Center for Devices and Radiological Health. T-dependent destruction of thyroid isografts exposed to IFN-gamma.