Ian turing

Alan Turing visited the United States during and This article describes how two of Turing's greatest accomplishments, in logic and computer design, were influenced ian turing the first of his two visits to the U.

Alan Turing, born June 23, and died June 7, , was a British mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematics, cryptanalysis, logic, philosophy, and mathematical biology. He also made major contributions to areas later named computer science, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and artificial life. He developed a machine to help break the code in and at the end of the war, he was made an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire OBE for his code-breaking work. After the war, he was instrumental in helping create the first automatic computing engine and he was a founding father of artificial intelligence. He was a leading exponent in the hypothesis that the human brain is in large part a digital computing machine, theorizing that the cortex was an unorganized machine at birth and with training, it becomes organized as if it were a machine. The Turing Test, which Turing proposed in , was the leading criterion for whether an artificial computer is thinking on it's own. However, his life took a turn in , when, despite being elected a fellow in the Royal Society in London, he was convicted in March of "gross indecency" - another term for homosexuality, which Britain deemed a crime at the time - and sentenced to 12 months of hormone "therapy.

Ian turing

He left an extensive legacy in mathematics, science, society and popular culture. Turing was appointed an officer of the Order of the British Empire A biography published by the Royal Society shortly after Turing's death, [3] while his wartime work was still subject to the Official Secrets Act , recorded:. Three remarkable papers written just before the war, on three diverse mathematical subjects, show the quality of the work that might have been produced if he had settled down to work on some big problem at that critical time. Since , the Turing Award has been given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery for technical or theoretical contributions to the computing community. It is widely considered to be the computing world's highest honour, equivalent to the Nobel Prize. On 23 June , on what would have been Turing's 86th birthday, his biographer, Andrew Hodges , unveiled an official English Heritage blue plaque at his birthplace in Warrington Crescent , London, later the Colonnade Hotel. On 13 March , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines issued a set of postage stamps to celebrate the greatest achievements of the 20th century, one of which carries a portrait of Turing against a background of repeated 0s and 1s and is captioned: " Alan Turing's theory of digital computing". Mills was unveiled at the University of Surrey in Guildford , marking the 50th anniversary of Turing's death; it portrays him carrying his books across the campus. Turing was one of four mathematicians examined in the BBC documentary entitled Dangerous Knowledge Built from approximately half a million pieces of Welsh slate , it was sculpted by Stephen Kettle , having been commissioned by the American billionaire Sidney Frank. Turing has been honoured in various ways in Manchester , the city where he worked towards the end of his life. In , a stretch of the A road the Manchester city intermediate ring road was named "Alan Turing Way".

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He graduated from King's College, Cambridge , with a degree in mathematics. Whilst he was a fellow at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes—no questions can never be answered by computation. He defined a Turing machine and proved that the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable. For a time he led Hut 8 , the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers , including improvements to the pre-war Polish bomba method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Axis powers in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic.

Courtesy of the Turing Digital Archive. Alan Mathison Turing — was one of England's foremost mathematicians and computer scientists. Because of his work in artificial intelligence and codebreaking, along with his groundbreaking Enigma machine, he is credited with ending World War II. Turing's life ended in tragedy. Convicted of "indecency" for his sexual orientation, Turing lost his security clearance, was chemically castrated, and later committed suicide at age

Ian turing

Alan Turing was one of the most influential British figures of the 20th century. In , Turing invented the computer as part of his attempt to solve a fiendish puzzle known as the Entscheidungsproblem. This mouthful was a big headache for mathematicians at the time, who were attempting to determine whether any given mathematical statement can be shown to be true or false through a step-by-step procedure — what we would call an algorithm today. Turing attacked the problem by imagining a machine with an infinitely long tape. The tape is covered with symbols that feed instructions to the machine, telling it how to manipulate other symbols.

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They emphasised how small their need was compared with the vast expenditure of men and money by the forces and compared with the level of assistance they could offer to the forces. The Hut Six story: Breaking the Enigma codes. Archived from the original on 28 March While working at Bletchley, Turing, who was a talented long-distance runner , occasionally ran the 40 miles 64 km to London when he was needed for meetings, [87] and he was capable of world-class marathon standards. Turing's relationship with Morcom's mother continued long after Morcom's death, with her sending gifts to Turing, and him sending letters, typically on Morcom's birthday. Turing discovered that patterns could be created if the chemical reaction not only produced catalyst A, but also produced an inhibitor B that slowed down the production of A. The headmistress recognised his talent, noting that she has " James 11 December Archived from the original on 24 December The Conversation.

Alan Turing - the Bletchley Park codebreaker - would have been years old on 23 June had he lived to the present day. To mark the occasion the BBC commissioned a week-long series of articles to explore his many achievements.

After that he was labeled a security risk and his clearance withdrawn. Retrieved 1 November Oxford University Press. Although ACE was a feasible design, the effect of the Official Secrets Act surrounding the wartime work at Bletchley Park made it impossible for Turing to explain the basis of his analysis of how a computer installation involving human operators would work. Turing in By using statistical techniques to optimise the trial of different possibilities in the code breaking process, Turing made an innovative contribution to the subject. Archived from the original on 12 August Archived from the original on 5 September Archived from the original on 7 January The idea was that a computer could be said to "think" if a human interrogator could not tell it apart, through conversation, from a human being. Archived from the original on 7 February Since , the Turing Award has been given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery for technical or theoretical contributions to the computing community. It is widely considered to be the computing world's highest honour, equivalent to the Nobel Prize.